See chief in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"word": "chef"
}
],
"lang": "Middle French",
"lang_code": "frm",
"word": "chief"
},
{
"lang": "Norman",
"lang_code": "nrm",
"word": "chef"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "chief"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "chief"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "chef"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "jefe"
},
{
"lang": "Central Bikol",
"lang_code": "bcl",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "hepe"
},
{
"lang": "Cebuano",
"lang_code": "ceb",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "hepe"
},
{
"lang": "Tagalog",
"lang_code": "tl",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "hepe"
}
],
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"word": "jefe"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "jefe"
},
{
"lang": "Central Bikol",
"lang_code": "bcl",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "hepe"
},
{
"lang": "Cebuano",
"lang_code": "ceb",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "hepe"
},
{
"lang": "Tagalog",
"lang_code": "tl",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "hepe"
}
],
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"tags": [
"obsolete"
],
"word": "gefe"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "jefe"
},
{
"lang": "Central Bikol",
"lang_code": "bcl",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "hepe"
},
{
"lang": "Cebuano",
"lang_code": "ceb",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "hepe"
},
{
"lang": "Tagalog",
"lang_code": "tl",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "hepe"
}
],
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"raw_tags": [
"pre-1815"
],
"word": "xefe"
},
{
"lang": "Asturian",
"lang_code": "ast",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "xefe"
},
{
"lang": "Galician",
"lang_code": "gl",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "xefe"
},
{
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "chefe"
}
],
"lang": "Old Spanish",
"lang_code": "osp",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "xefe"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "la-vul:capus<id:head>"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "ety"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "la-vul",
"3": "capus"
},
"expansion": "Vulgar Latin capus",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "la",
"3": "caput"
},
"expansion": "Latin caput",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "First known attestation 881 in The Sequence of Saint Eulalia. From Vulgar Latin capus, from Latin caput.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "chief oblique singular or",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"form": "chiés",
"tags": [
"oblique",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "chiés",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "chief",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "cap",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "chef",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "cief",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m"
},
"expansion": "chief oblique singular, m (oblique plural chiés, nominative singular chiés, nominative plural chief)",
"name": "fro-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Old French",
"lang_code": "fro",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "fro",
"name": "Anatomy",
"orig": "fro:Anatomy",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "0 19 18 1 13 2 2 12 3 3 3 11 11 0 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old French entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
3,
8
]
],
"english": "He exposed his head and his face.",
"ref": "c. 1170, Chrétien de Troyes, Érec et Énide:",
"text": "Le chief li desarme et la face.",
"translation": "He exposed his head and his face.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"head"
],
"id": "en-chief-fro-noun-ny5tM6Nx",
"links": [
[
"anatomy",
"anatomy"
],
[
"head",
"head"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(anatomy) head"
],
"topics": [
"anatomy",
"medicine",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"leader, chief"
],
"id": "en-chief-fro-noun-KEud9DLD",
"links": [
[
"leader",
"leader"
],
[
"chief",
"chief#English"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"front (foremost side of something)"
],
"id": "en-chief-fro-noun-1p15Xi7P",
"links": [
[
"front",
"front"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈtʃjeːf/"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Sequence of Saint Eulalia"
],
"word": "chief"
}
{
"categories": [
"Old French entries with incorrect language header",
"Old French lemmas",
"Old French masculine nouns",
"Old French nouns",
"Old French terms derived from Latin",
"Old French terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Old French terms derived from Proto-Italic",
"Old French terms derived from Vulgar Latin",
"Old French terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *kap- (head)",
"Old French terms inherited from Latin",
"Old French terms inherited from Vulgar Latin",
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"word": "chef"
}
],
"lang": "Middle French",
"lang_code": "frm",
"word": "chief"
},
{
"lang": "Norman",
"lang_code": "nrm",
"word": "chef"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "chief"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "chief"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "chef"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "jefe"
},
{
"lang": "Central Bikol",
"lang_code": "bcl",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "hepe"
},
{
"lang": "Cebuano",
"lang_code": "ceb",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "hepe"
},
{
"lang": "Tagalog",
"lang_code": "tl",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "hepe"
}
],
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"word": "jefe"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "jefe"
},
{
"lang": "Central Bikol",
"lang_code": "bcl",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "hepe"
},
{
"lang": "Cebuano",
"lang_code": "ceb",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "hepe"
},
{
"lang": "Tagalog",
"lang_code": "tl",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "hepe"
}
],
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"tags": [
"obsolete"
],
"word": "gefe"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "jefe"
},
{
"lang": "Central Bikol",
"lang_code": "bcl",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "hepe"
},
{
"lang": "Cebuano",
"lang_code": "ceb",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "hepe"
},
{
"lang": "Tagalog",
"lang_code": "tl",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "hepe"
}
],
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"raw_tags": [
"pre-1815"
],
"word": "xefe"
},
{
"lang": "Asturian",
"lang_code": "ast",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "xefe"
},
{
"lang": "Galician",
"lang_code": "gl",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "xefe"
},
{
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "chefe"
}
],
"lang": "Old Spanish",
"lang_code": "osp",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "xefe"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "la-vul:capus<id:head>"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "ety"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "la-vul",
"3": "capus"
},
"expansion": "Vulgar Latin capus",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "la",
"3": "caput"
},
"expansion": "Latin caput",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "First known attestation 881 in The Sequence of Saint Eulalia. From Vulgar Latin capus, from Latin caput.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "chief oblique singular or",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"form": "chiés",
"tags": [
"oblique",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "chiés",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "chief",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "cap",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "chef",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "cief",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m"
},
"expansion": "chief oblique singular, m (oblique plural chiés, nominative singular chiés, nominative plural chief)",
"name": "fro-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Old French",
"lang_code": "fro",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Old French terms with quotations",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned",
"fro:Anatomy"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
3,
8
]
],
"english": "He exposed his head and his face.",
"ref": "c. 1170, Chrétien de Troyes, Érec et Énide:",
"text": "Le chief li desarme et la face.",
"translation": "He exposed his head and his face.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"head"
],
"links": [
[
"anatomy",
"anatomy"
],
[
"head",
"head"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(anatomy) head"
],
"topics": [
"anatomy",
"medicine",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"leader, chief"
],
"links": [
[
"leader",
"leader"
],
[
"chief",
"chief#English"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"front (foremost side of something)"
],
"links": [
[
"front",
"front"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈtʃjeːf/"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Sequence of Saint Eulalia"
],
"word": "chief"
}
Download raw JSONL data for chief meaning in Old French (4.4kB)
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1089",
"msg": "suspicious unhandled suffix in Old French: 'chief oblique singular or', originally 'chief oblique singular or m'",
"path": [
"chief"
],
"section": "Old French",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "chief",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1089",
"msg": "suspicious unhandled suffix in Old French: 'chief oblique singular or', originally 'chief oblique singular or m'",
"path": [
"chief"
],
"section": "Old French",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "chief",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1147",
"msg": "suspicious related form tags ['masculine', 'canonical']: 'chief oblique singular or' in 'chief oblique singular, m (oblique plural chiés, nominative singular chiés, nominative plural chief)'",
"path": [
"chief"
],
"section": "Old French",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "chief",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Old French dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-03-25 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-03-03 using wiktextract (05c257f and 9d9a410). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.